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Francesco Cozzuto
2022-03-27 15:02:20 +02:00
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@@ -108,7 +108,7 @@ not 1; # ERROR!
``` ```
### Variables ### Variables
Variable names can contain letters, digits and underscores (the first character can't be a digit though). You can set variables without declaring them first: Variable names can contain letters, digits and underscores (the first character can't be a digit though). You can define variables by assigning a value to them directly:
```py ```py
a = 5; a = 5;
``` ```
@@ -123,85 +123,68 @@ print('b = ', b, '\n'); # b = 1
print('a = ', a, '\n'); # a = 2 print('a = ', a, '\n'); # a = 2
``` ```
## Branches ## If-Else statements
Like in every other language, it's possible to make the execution of one or more statements optional. Like in every other language, it's possible to make the execution of one or more statements optional.
```py ```py
if 1 < 2: if 1 < 2: {
print('Took the branch!\n'); # This is executed! print('I\'m executed!\n');
}
if 1 > 2: if 1 > 2: {
print('Didn\'t take the branch\n'); # This isn't! print('I\'m not..\n');
``` }
..or you can specify an alternative branch, which is executed when the
condition isn't true:
```py if 1 < 2: {
if 1 > 2: print('I\'m executed!\n');
print('Not executed..\n'); } else {
else print('I\'m not..\n');
print('Executed!\n');
```
You can have multiple statements inside a branch by having them inside a
compound statement. Compound statements are statement lists wrapped inside
curly brackets, like this:
```py
{ print('Hello from a '); print('compound statement!\n'); }
```
This way they count as one statement.
```py
if 1 == 1: {
print('Executed\n');
print('Also executed\n');
} }
``` ```
If you only have one statement inside the if or the else branch, you can drop the curly brackets:
Variables defined inside an if-else statement's branch are defined in the parent's context. This implies that variables may or may not be defined when you access them, based on which branch is taken.
```py ```py
a = 1; if 1 < 2:
print('I\'m executed!\n');
if 1 > 2:
print('I\'m not..\n');
if 1 < 2:
print('I\'m executed!\n');
else
print('I\'m not..\n');
```
if-else statements don't create new variable scopes, which means
variables defined inside an if-else statement's branch are defined in the parent's context. This implies that variables may or may not be defined when you access them, based on which branch is taken.
```py
# .. do stuff where you define a variable [a]..
if a < 2: if a < 2:
x = 100; x = 100;
# Now x is defined, but if "a" were to be higher or equal to 2, it print(x); # May abort the execution because if [a < 2] isn't true, x would be undefined.
# wouldn't be defined and the runtime would return an error.
``` ```
## Loops ## Loops
Looping constructs are available in the form of while and do-while statements. The while statement checks the condition before each iteration: Looping constructs are available in the form of while and do-while statements:
```py ```py
i = 0; i = 0;
while i < 10:
# Iterates 10 times.
while i < 10: {
i = i + 1; i = i + 1;
``` }
This loop runs for 10 times. As for the if-else statement, a single
statement is expected as the body of the while statement. You can
provide it a compound statement tho.
```py
i = 0; i = 0;
while i < 10:
{
print('While iteration no. ', i, '\n');
i = i + 1;
}
```
The do-while statement checks the condition at the end of each # Iterates 11 times.
iteration. This means that at least one iteration is performed! do {
i = i + 1;
} while i < 10;
```py
i = 0;
do
{
print('Do-while iteration no. ', i, '\n');
i = i + 1;
}
while i < 10;
``` ```
Like for if-else statements, variables defined inside the loop Like for if-else statements, variables defined inside the loop